If benefits are elicited through approaches such as contingent valuation...

Eliciting WTP through approaches such as contingent valuation is commonly used in benefit estimation and is based on the use of surveys to determine WTP. Although there are many approaches to contingent valuation, and a significant body of literature that explores potential biases, the critical elements are usually associated with survey instrument design and application, valuation methods (referendum and non-referendum models), and payment vehicle.