References

Acosta Urquidi, Mariclaire, and John Burstein. 2006. ¿Qué puede haber dentro de un nombre? Estudios de caso sobre identidad y registro en América Latina y el Caribe. Paper presented at the IDB seminar, Derecho desde el Comienzo: Registro, Identidad y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe, February 2, Washington, DC.

Acuña, Cecilia, and Mónica Bolis. 2005. Stigmatization and Access to Health Care in Latin America: Challenges and Perspectives. Paper presented at the 29th Congress of the International Academy of Law and Mental Health, July 4–8, Paris.

AfroamericaXXI. 2006. Compendio normativo de acciones afirmativas para comunidades afrolatinoamericanas. Washington, DC: AfroamericaXXI.

Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional. 2005. Aprendizaje colectivo: Programa Familias en Acción. Colombia.

Aggleton, Peter, Richard Parker, and Miriam Maluwa. 2004. Stigma, Discrimination and HIV/AIDS in Latin America. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2000. Participation in Heterogenous Communities. Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3) August: 847–904.

Altonji, Joseph G., and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. Race and Gender in the Labor Market. In Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card, eds., Handbook of Labor Economics. Volume 3C. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Álvarez, Eduardo. 2000. Pathways to Accessibility: Disability and the Physical Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Andersen, Lykke E. 2000. Social Mobility in Latin America. Instituto de Investigaciones Socioeconómicas, Universidad Católica Boliviana, La Paz.

______. 2001. Social Mobility in Latin America: Links with Adolescent Schooling. Research Network Working Paper no. R-433. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Andrade, Eduardo, Fernando Veloso, Regina Madalozzo, and Sergio G. Ferreira. 2003. Do Borrowing Constraints Decrease Intergenerational Mobility? Evidence from Brazil. Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro. Unpublished.

Andreoni, James. 1988. Why Free Ride? Strategies and Learning in Public Goods Experiments. Journal of Public Economics 37(3) December: 291–304.

______. 1995. Cooperation in Public-Goods Experiments: Kindness or Confusion? American Economic Review 85(4) September: 891–904.

Angeles, Hugo, and Martha Rojas. 2000. Migración femenina internacional en la frontera sur de México. Papeles de Población [Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México] 23 (January–March): 127–51.

Angell, Alan, Pamela Lowden, and Rosemary Thorp. 2001. Decentralizing Development: The Political Economy of Institutional Change in Colombia and Chile. New York: Oxford University Press.

Arends, Mary. 1992. Female Labor Force Participation and Earnings in Guatemala. In George Psacharopoulos and Zafiris Tzannatos, eds., Case Studies on Women's Employment and Pay in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Arias, Omar, Gustavo Yamada, and Luis Tejerina. 2002. Education, Family Background and Racial Earnings Inequality in Brazil. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Ashraf, Nava, Iris Bohnet, and Nikita Piankov. 2006. Decomposing Trust and Trustworthiness. Experimental Economics 9(3) September: 193–208.

Aterido, R., M. Hallward-Driemeyer, and C. Pagés. 2007. The Impact of Regulation, Access to Finance and Corruption across Firms. Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Atkinson, Tony. 2004. The European Union Experience with Social Inclusion Policy. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Attanasio, Orazio, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, and Nina Pavcnik. 2004. Trade Reforms and Wage Inequality in Colombia. Journal of Development Economics 74(2): 331–66.

Ayala Consulting. 2006. Country Program Profiles—Mexico. Report prepared for the World Bank for the Third International Conference on Conditional Cash Transfers, June 26–30, Istanbul. Available at http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ICCT06/DOCS/TemplateCCT_EN.pdf.

Babcock, Linda, and Sara Laschever. 2003. Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Baqir, Reza. 2002. Social Sector Spending in a Panel of Countries. IMF Working Paper no. 02/35. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

Barker, Gary T. 2005. Dying to Be Men: Youth, Masculinity and Social Exclusion. Abingdon, England: Routledge.

Barnes, Robert. 2007. Divided Court Limits Use of Race by School Districts. Washington Post, June 29.

Barr, Abigail. 2003. Risk Pooling, Commitment, and Information: An Experimental Test of Two Fundamental Assumptions. CSAE Working Paper no. 187. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, England.

Barrera-Osorio, Felipe, and Mauricio Olivera. 2007. Does Society Win or Lose as a Result of Privatization? Provision of Public Services and Welfare of the Poor: The Case of Water Sector Privatization in Colombia. Research Network Working Paper no. R-525. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Barrientos, Armando. 2004. Women, Informal Employment and Social Protection in Latin America. In Claudia Piras, ed., Women at Work: Challenges for Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Barrón, Manuel. 2005. Cuánto cuesta ser provinciano a un empleado de Lima Metropolitana: una aproximación mediante Propensity Score Matching. Observatorio de la Economía Latinoamericana no. 47.

______. 2006. Exclusion and Discrimination as Sources of Inter-Ethnic Inequality in Peru. PUCP Working Paper no. 253. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.

Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Beato, Claudio. 2002. Crime and Social Policies in Latin America: Problems and Solutions. Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas. Available at http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/CitizenSecurity7.pdf.

Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and María Soledad Martínez Pería. 2006. Banking Services for Everyone? Barriers to Bank Access and Use around the World. Policy Research Working Paper no. 4079. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Beckett, Megan, and Anne R. Pebley. 2002. Ethnicity, Language, and Economic Well-Being in Rural Guatemala. Working Paper Series 02–05. Labor and Population Program, RAND, Santa Monica, CA.

Behrman, Jere R. 1999. Social Mobility: Concepts and Measurement. In Nancy Birdsall and Carol Graham, eds., New Markets, New Opportunities? Economic and Social Mobility in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Brookings Institution Press.

Behrman, Jere R., Alejandro Gaviria, and Miguel Székely. 2001. Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America. Research Department Working Paper no. 452. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Behrman, Jere R., Alejandro Gaviria, and Miguel Székely, eds. 2003. Who’s In and Who’s Out: Social Exclusion in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Bello, Álvaro, and Marta Rangel. 2002. Equity and Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Case of Indigenous and Afro-Descendant Peoples. CEPAL Review no. 76 (April): 35–53.

Benavides, Martín. 2002. Cuando los extremos no se encuentran: un análisis de la movilidad social e igualdad de oportunidades en el Perú contemporáneo. Boletín del Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos 31(3): 473–94.

______. 2004. Educación y estructura social en el Perú: un estudio acerca del acceso a la educación superior y la movilidad intergeneracional en una muestra de trabajadores urbanos. In Patricia Arregui, Martín Benavides, Santiago Cueto, Jaime Saavedra, and Barbara Hunt, eds., ¿Es posible mejorar la educación peruana? Evidencias y posibilidades. Lima: GRADE.

______. 2006. Nota técnica sobre indígenas y afro peruanos. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, and Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), Lima. Unpublished.

Benavides, Martín, Máximo Torero, and Néstor Valdivia. 2006. Pobreza, discriminación social e identidad: el caso de la población afrodescendiente en el Perú. World Bank, Washington, DC, and Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), Lima. Unpublished.

Benavides, Martín, and Martín Valdivia. 2004. Metas del Milenio y la brecha étnica en el Perú. Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), Lima. Unpublished.

Berg, Joyce, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe. 1995. Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History. Games and Economic Behavior 10(1) July: 122–42.

Bergman, Barbara R. 1996. In Defense of Affirmative Action. New York: Basic Books.

Bergstrom, Theodore, Lawrence Blume, and Hal Varian. 1986. On the Private Provision of Public Goods. Journal of Public Economics 29(1) February: 25–49.

Bernal, Raquel, and Mauricio Cárdenas. 2003. Determinants of Labor Demand in Colombia: 1976–1996. NBER Working Paper no. 10077. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

______. 2005. Race and Ethnic Inequality in Health and Health Care in Colombia. Working Papers Series no. 29. Fundación para la Educación Superior y el Desarrollo (FEDESARROLLO), Bogotá.

Bernstein, Jared, and Heidi Hartmann. 2000. Defining and Characterizing the Low-Wage Labor Market. In Kelleen Kaye and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds., The Low-Wage Labor Market: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Self-Sufficiency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Urban Institute.

Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2001. Do People Mean What They Say? Implications for Subjective Survey Data. American Economic Review 91(2): 67–72.

______. 2004. Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. American Economic Review 94(4): 991–1013.

Besley, Timothy. 1995. Savings, Credit and Insurance. In Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, eds., Handbook of Development Economics. Volume 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Binder, Melissa, and Christopher Woodruff. 2002. Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility in Schooling: The Case of Mexico. Economic Development and Cultural Change 50(2) January: 249–67.

Binswanger, Hans P. 1980. Attitudes toward Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 62(3) August: 395–407.

Bird, Richard M. 2003. Taxation in Latin America: Reflections on Sustainability and the Balance

between Equity and Efficiency. ITP Paper no. 0306. International Tax Program, Institute for International Business, Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto.

Birdsall, Nancy, and Rachel Menezes. 2004. Toward a New Social Contract in Latin America. Policy Brief [Center for Global Development and Inter-American Dialogue] 3(2) January: 1–8.

Birdsall, Nancy, and John Nellis. 2002. Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Impact of Privatization. Working Paper no. 6. Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.

Blanden, Jo, Paul Gregg, and Stephen Machin. 2005. Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America. Report. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London. Available at http://cep.lse.ac.uk/about/news/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf.

Blázquez Cuesta, Maite, and Wiemer Salverda. 2006. Low Pay Incidence and Mobility in the Netherlands—Exploring the Role of Personal, Job and Employer Characteristics. Working Paper no. 04/06. Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

Blomberg, S. Brock, Jeffry Frieden, and Ernesto Stein. 2005. Sustaining Fixed Rates: The Political Economy of Currency Pegs in Latin America. Journal of Applied Economics 8(2) November: 203–25.

Bohnet, Iris, and Richard Zeckhauser. 2004. Trust, Risk and Betrayal. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 55(4) December: 467–84.

Borgarello, Andrea, Suzanne Duryea, Analía Olgiati, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2006. Informal Jobs for Youth: Stepping Stones or Traps? Unpublished.

Borja-Vega, Christian, and Trine Lunde. 2007. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous People in Ecuador. In Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Borja-Vega, Christian, Trine Lunde, and Vicente García-Moreno. 2007. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous People in Mexico. In Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Bossen, Laurel. 1982. Plantations and Labor Force Discrimination in Guatemala. Current Anthropology 23(3): 263–68.

Boston, Thomas D. 2006. Supplier Diversity in the U.S.: A Review of Good Practices. In Claire Nelson and Stacy Richards-Kennedy, eds., Advancing Equity in Latin America: Putting Policy into Practice. Washington, DC: IDB.

Boucher, Stephen, Bradford Barham, and Michael Carter. 2007. Are Land Titles the Constraint to Enhance Agricultural Performance? Unpublished.

Bouillón, César, and Mayra Buvinic´ . 2003. Inequality, Exclusion and Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: Implications for Development. Paper presented at the EC/IDB seminar, Social Cohesion in Latin America and the Caribbean, June 5–6, Brussels.

Bourguignon, François, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, and Marta Menéndez. 2003. Inequality of Outcomes and Inequality of Opportunities in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper no. 3174. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Bravo, David, Claudia Sanhueza, and Sergio Urzúa. 2006a. An Experimental Study about Labor Market Discrimination: Gender, Social Class and Neighborhood. Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Unpublished.

______. 2006b. Is There Labor Market Discrimination among Professionals in Chile? Lawyers, Doctors and Business-People. Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Unpublished.

Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, and Almos Telegdy. 2005. The Productivity Effects of Privatization: Longitudinal Estimates from Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. Working Paper no. 05-121. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI.

Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, and Vladimir Vakhitov. 2006. Wages, Layoffs, and Privatization: Evidence from Ukraine. CERT Discussion Paper no. 601. Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, School of Management and Languages, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Bull, Benedicte. 2006. Social Movements, Political Representation, and Social Inclusion: Experiences from Norway and Latin America. Paper presented at the Workshop for the 2008 Report on Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, June, Washington, DC.

Burchardt, Tania, Julian Le Grand, and David Piachaud. 2002. Introduction. In John Hills, Julian Le Grand, and David Piachaud, eds., Understanding Social Exclusion. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Burton, Michael, Richard Gunther, and John Higley. 1992. Introduction: Elite Transformations and Democratic Regimes. In John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Busso, Matías, Martín Cicowiez, and Leonardo Gasparini. 2005. Ethnicity and the Millennium Development Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean. CEDLAS Working Paper no. 27. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

Buvinic´ , Mayra. 2004. Introduction: Social Inclusion in Latin America. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Buvinic´ , Mayra, and Jacqueline Mazza. 2005. Gender and Social Inclusion: Social Policy Perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean. Paper presented at the World Bank conference, New Frontiers of Social Policy: Development in a Globalizing World, December 12–15, Arusha, Tanzania.

Buvinic´ , Mayra, and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds. 2004. Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Buvinic´ , Mayra, Andrew Morrison, and María Beatriz Orlando. 2002. Violencia, crimen y desarrollo social en América Latina y el Caribe. In Carlos Sojo, ed., Desarrollo social en América Latina: temas y desafíos para las políticas públicas. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO.

Buvinic´ , Mayra, and Vivian Roza. 2004. Women, Politics and Democratic Prospects in Latin America. Technical Paper no. WID-108. Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Cacopardo, María Cristina, and Alicia M. Maguid. 2001. Argentina: International Migrants and Gender Inequality in the Labour Market. Paper presented at the 24th General Population Conference, August 18–24, Salvador, Brazil.

Caldeira, Teresa P. R. 2000. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Caldeira, Teresa P. R., and James Holston. 1999. Democracy and Violence in Brazil. Comparative Studies in Society and History 41(4) October: 691–729.

Campante, Filipe R., Anna R. V. Crespo, and Phillippe G. Leite. 2004. Desigualdade salarial entre raças no mercado de trabalho urbano brasileiro: aspectos regionais. Revista Brasileira de Economia [Graduate School of Economics, Getulio Vargas Foundation (Brazil)] 58(2) April–June: 185–210.

Candelo, Natalia, and Sandra Polanía. 2007. Methodological Steps of an Experimental Design for Measuring Social Capital and Collective Action in Six Latin American Cities. Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Cappelletti, Mauro, and Bryant Garth. 1996. El acceso a la justicia: la tendencia en el movimiento mundial para hacer efectivos los derechos. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Cárdenas, Juan-Camilo. 2003. Real Wealth and Experimental Cooperation: Experiments in the Field Lab. Journal of Development Economics 70(2) April: 263–89.

Cárdenas, Juan-Camilo, Natalia Candelo, Alejandro Gaviria, Sandra Polanía, and Rajiv Sethi. 2006. Discrimination in the Provision of Social Services to the Poor: A Field Experimental Study. Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico (CEDE), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá. Unpublished.

Cárdenas, Juan-Camilo, Alberto Chong, and Hugo Ñopo. 2007. Basic Experimental Results Measuring Trust, Trustworthiness and Prosociality in Six Latin American Cities. Working Paper. Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Forthcoming.

Cárdenas, Juan-Camilo, and Elinor Ostrom. 2006. How Norms Help Reduce the Tragedy of the Commons: A Multi-Layer Framework for Analyzing Field Experiments. In John N. Drobak, ed., Norms and the Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Cardoso, Eliana, and Ann Helwege. 1991. Populism, Profligacy, and Redistribution. In Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Carnevale, Anthony P., and Stephen J. Rose. 2001. Low Earners: Who Are They? Do They Have a Way Out? In Richard Kazis and Marc S. Miller, eds., Low-Wage Workers in the New Economy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Carpenter, Jeffrey P., and Juan-Camilo Cárdenas. Forthcoming. Behavioural Development Economics: Lessons from Field Labs in the Developing World. Journal of Development Studies.

Carpenter, Jeffrey P., Glenn W. Harrison, and John A. List, eds. 2005. Field Experiments in Economics. Research in Experimental Economics. Volume 10. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Carr, Marilyn, and Martha Chen. 2004. Globalization, Social Exclusion and Work: With Special Reference to Informal Employment and Gender. Working Paper no. 20. Policy Integration Department, World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Carrillo-Flórez, Fernando. 2007. La falta de acceso a la justicia como factor de exclusión social. Office in Europe, Inter-American Development Bank, Paris. Unpublished.

Carter, Miguel. 2003. The Origins of Brazil’s Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST): The Natalino Episode in Rio Grande do Sul (1981–84). A Case of Ideal Interest Mobilization. Working Paper CBS-43-2003. University of Oxford Centre for Brazilian Studies, Oxford, England.

Cass, Noel, Elizabeth Shove, and John Urry. 2005. Social Exclusion, Mobility and Access. Sociological Review 53(3): 539–55.

Castañeda, Tarsicio, and Kathy Lindert. 2005. Designing and Implementing Household Targeting Systems: Lessons from Latin America and the United States. Social Protection Discussion Paper no. 526. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Castillo, Marco, and Ragan Petrie. 2005. Discrimination in the Warplace: Evidence from a Civil War in Peru. Unpublished.

Castillo, Marco, Ragan Petrie, and Máximo Torero. 2007. Ethnic and Social Barriers to Cooperation: Experiments Studying the Extent and Nature of Discrimination in Urban Peru. Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE). Unpublished.

Cely, Nathalie. 2005. Evaluación y monitoreo del proceso de focalización de los beneficiarios del Bono de Desarrollo Humano. Unpublished.

CERD (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination). 2003. Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention: Seventeenth Periodic Reports of States Parties Due in 2002. CERD/C/431/Add.8. United Nations, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, October 16.

Cetrángolo, Oscar, and Juan Carlos Gómez Sabaini, eds. 2006. Tributación en América Latina. En busca de una nueva agenda de reformas. Santiago: ECLAC.

Cézar Nunes, Juliana. 2007. Coordenação Nacional de Quilombos pede inclusão de mais estados no Bolsa Família. Agência Brasil, February 18. Available at http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2007/02/18
/materia.2007-02-18.1250341094/view.

Chadwick, Laura, and Gary Solon. 2002. Intergenerational Income Mobility among Daughters. American Economic Review 92(1) March: 335–44.

Chong, Alberto, Virgilio Galdo, and Máximo Torero. 2005. Does Privatization Deliver? Access to Telephone Services and Household Income in Poor Rural Areas Using a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Peru. Research Department Working Paper no. 535. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Chong, Alberto, and Gianmarco León. 2007. Privatized Firms, Rule of Law and Labor Outcomes in Emerging Markets. Research Department Working Paper no. 608. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Chong, Alberto, and Florencio López-de-Silanes. 2005a. Privatization and Labor Policies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank. Unpublished.

Chong, Alberto, and Florencio López-de-Silanes, eds. 2005b. Privatization in Latin America: Myths and Reality. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press and Washington, DC: World Bank.

Chong, Alberto, Florencio López-de-Silanes, and Máximo Torero. 2007. Back to Reality: What Happens with Workers after Privatization? Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Clark, Ximena, Timothy J. Hatton, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. 2003. What Explains Cross-Border Migration in Latin America? Discussion Paper no. 2012. Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

CNN (Cable News Network). 2000. Hostage-Taker Shot as Rio Bus Siege Ends. CNN.com, 12 June 2000. Available at http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/06/12/brazil.hostages/index.html.

Coba, Elena. 2005. Los pueblos indígenas de Panamá: diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2000. Project Document no. 20. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Cohen, Mark A., and Mauricio Rubio. 2007. Solutions Paper: Violence and Crime in Latin America. Paper presented at Consulta de San José, cosponsored by the Copenhagen Consensus Center and the Inter-American Development Bank, October 22–26, San José, Costa Rica.

CONAPRED (Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación). 2003. Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación. Capitulo III: Medidas positivas y compensatorias a favor de la igualdad de oportunidades. Diario Oficial de la Federación no. 8, 11 June. Mexico City. Available at http://www.conapred.org.mx/index.php.

CONATEL (Consejo Nacional de Telecomunicaciones). 2006. Libro blanco de la Sociedad de la Información. Quito, Ecuador. Unpublished. Available at http://www.conatel.gov.ec/website/conectividad/sociedad/
libro_blanco/gobierno_electronico.doc.

Concha-Eastman, Alberto. 2002. Urban Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Dimensions, Explanations, Actions. In Susana Rotker, ed., Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Consejo de Seguridad. 2006. Balance de convivencia y seguridad ciudadana: año 2006. Sistema Unificado de Información de Violencia y Delincuencia (SUIVD), Bogotá. Available at http://www.suivd.gov.co/estadisticas/sitio_estadisticas/
consejosSeguridad/Balance2006_archivos/frame.htm.

Contreras, Dante, Diana Kruger, and Daniela Zapata. 2007. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous People in Bolivia. In Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Contreras, Dante, Jaime Ruiz-Tagle, Paz Garcés, and Irene Azócar. 2006. Socio-Economic Impact of Disability in Latin America: Chile and Uruguay. Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Chile. Unpublished.

Copestake, James, Peter Dawson, J. P. Fanning, Andrew McKay, and Katie Wright-Revolledo. 2005. Monitoring the Diversity of the Poverty Outreach and Impact of Microfinance: A Comparison of Methods Using Data from Peru. Development Policy Review 23(6) November: 703–23.

Corak, Miles. 2006. Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults? Lessons from a Cross Country Comparison of Generational Earnings Mobility. IZA Discussion Paper no. 1993. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.

Corcoran, Mary, and Greg J. Duncan. 1979. Work History, Labor Force Attachment, and Earnings Differences between Races and Sexes. Journal of Human Resources 14(1) Winter: 3–20.

Cueto, Santiago, and Walter Secada. 2004. Oportunidades de aprendizaje y rendimiento en matemática de niños y niñas Aimara, Quechua y Castellano hablantes en escuelas bilingües y monolingües en Puno, Perú. In Donald R. Winkler and Santiago Cueto, eds., Etnicidad, raza, género y educación en América Latina. Washington and Santiago: PREAL.

Dade, Carlo, and Aleisha Arnusch. 2006. Afro-Latinos, Canada and Poverty in the Americas. Background paper. Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), Ottawa.

Dahan, Momi, and Alejandro Gaviria. 2001. Sibling Correlations and Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America. Economic Development and Cultural Change 49(3) April: 537–54.

Daude, Christian, Jacqueline Mazza, and Andrew Morrison. 2003. Core Labor Standards and Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Does Lax Enforcement of Labor Standards Attract Investors? Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Daughters, Robert, and Leslie Harper. 2007. Fiscal and Political Decentralization Reforms. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

DAW (United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women). 2004. The Role of National Mechanisms in Promoting Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. Report of the Expert Group Meeting, November 29–December 2, Rome.

Dawes, Robyn M., and Richard H. Thaler. 1988. Anomalies: Cooperation. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2(3) Summer: 187–97.

de Ferranti, David, Guillermo E. Perry, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, and Michael Walton. 2004. Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History? Washington, DC: World Bank.

de Janvry, Alain, Frederico Finan, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. 2005. Using a Structural Model of Educational Choice to Improve Program Efficiency. Working Paper. University of California, Berkeley, CA.

de la Brière, Bénédicte, and Kathy Lindert. 2005. Reforming Brazil’s Cadastro Único to Improve the Targeting of the Bolsa Família Program. Social Protection Discussion Paper no. 527. World Bank, Washington, DC.

de Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.

Deaton, Angus. 1992. Understanding Consumption. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford, England, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

DEMUS [Estudio para la Defensa y los Derechos de la Mujer]. 2005. National Survey on Exclusion and Social Discrimination. Lima. Available at http://www.pucp.edu.pe/ridei/b_virtual/archivos/Encuesta_discriminacion.pdf.

DeShazo, Peter, and Juan Enrique Vargas. 2006. Judicial Reform in Latin America: An Assessment. Policy Papers on the Americas, Vol. 17, Study 2. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, DC.

Deutsch, Ruthanne, Andrew Morrison, Claudia Piras, and Hugo Ñopo. 2004. Working within Confines: Occupational Segregation by Gender in Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Uruguay. In Claudia Piras, ed., Women at Work: Challenges for Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

DGEEC (Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos). 2004. Paraguay. Resultados finales. Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas. Año 2002 – total país. Asunción: DGEEC.

Dowdney, Luke. 2005. Neither War nor Peace: International Comparisons of Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence. Report. COAV Program. Available at http://www.coav.org.br/publique/media/NewAll.pdf.

Dudzik, Pamela, Ann Elwan, and Robert Metts. 2002. Disability Policies, Statistics, and Strategies in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Dunn, Christopher. 2003. Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Brazil and Its Determinants. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Unpublished.

______. 2004. Intergenerational Transmission of Lifetime Earnings: New Evidence from Brazil. Paper presented at the international colloquium at Cornell University, 75 Years of Development Research, May 9, Ithaca, NY.

Duryea, Suzanne, and María Eugenia Genoni. 2004. Ethnicity, Race and Gender in Latin American Labor Markets. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Duryea, Suzanne, Amanda Glassman, and Leslie Stone. 2007. Designing Social Programs: Conditional Cash Programs and Underdocumentation. Unpublished.

Duryea, Suzanne, Gustavo Márquez, Carmen Pagés, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2006. For Better or For Worse? Job and Earnings Mobility in Nine Middle- and Low-Income Countries. In Susan M. Collins and Carol Graham, eds., Brookings Trade Forum 2006: Global Labor Markets. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Duryea, Suzanne, Analía Olgiati, and Leslie Stone. 2006. The Under-Registration of Births in Latin America. Research Department Working Paper no. 551. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

______. 2007. Underregistration in Latin America: Prevalence and Patterns of Invisibility. Unpublished.

Duryea, Suzanne, and Carmen Pagés. 2003. Human Capital Policies: What They Can and Cannot Do for Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Latin America. In Ana Margheritis, ed., Latin American Democracies in the New Global Economy. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center Press, and Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Duryea, Suzanne, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2006. The Optimal Payment of Welfare Programs: Cash vs. ATM Cards. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

______. 2007. Financial Services for the Poor: Welfare, Savings and Consumption. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Echebarría, Koldo, and Juan Carlos Cortázar. 2007. Public Administration and Public Employment Reform in Latin America. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean). 2000. El desafío de la equidad de género y de los derechos humanos en los albores del siglo XXI. Paper presented at the Eighth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, February 8–10, Lima.

______. 2004. Roads towards Gender Equity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Paper presented at the Ninth Regional Conference on Women, June 10–12, Mexico City.

______. 2006a. Social Panorama of Latin America 2005. Santiago: ECLAC.

______. 2006b. Social Panorama of Latin America 2006. Santiago: ECLAC.

______. 2007. Cohesión social: inclusión y sentido de pertenencia en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: ECLAC.

Edwards, Sebastian. 1995. Crisis and Reform in Latin America: From Despair to Hope. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Edwards, Sebastian, and Guido Tabellini. 1991. The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy and Inflation in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis. Policy, Research, and External Affairs Working Paper no. 703. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Elías, Julio, Víctor Elías, and Lucas Ronconi. 2007. Determinants of Popularity among Adolescents in Argentina. The State University of New York at Buffalo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, and University of California at Berkeley. Unpublished.

Elster, Jon. 1985. Making Sense of Marx. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Elwan, Ann. 1999. Poverty and Disability. A Survey of the Literature. Social Protection Discussion Paper no. 9932. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Engel Aduan, Wanda. 2006. Políticas integrales de reducción de la pobreza: el desafío de la efectividad. In Wanda Engel and Carlos Eduardo Vélez, eds., Políticas efectivas para erradicar la pobreza: desafíos institucionales, de diseño y de monitoreo. Washington, DC: IDB.

ESA Consultores. 2005. Consideraciones de raza en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: el caso de Honduras. Tegucigalpa.

Escobal, Javier, and Carmen Ponce. 2007. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous People in Rural and Urban Peru. In Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Escobal, Javier, Jaime Saavedra, and Máximo Torero. 1998. Los activos de los pobres en el Perú. Working Paper no. 26. Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), Lima.

Espinosa, Isolda. 2005a. Las Metas del Milenio y la igualdad de género. El caso de Guatemala. Serie mujer y desarrollo no. 74. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

______. 2005b. Las Metas del Milenio y la igualdad de género. El caso de Nicaragua. Serie mujer y desarrollo no. 68. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

European Commission. 2007. Discrimination in the European Union. Summary. Special Eurobarometer [TNS Opinion & Social] no. 263/Wave 65.4 (January): 1–36.

Fajnzylber, Pablo, Daniel Lederman, and Norman Loayza. 1998. Determinants of Crime Rates in Latin America and the World: An Empirical Assessment. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/fajnzy.pdf.

Farah, Ivonne, and Carmen Sánchez. 2003. Bolivia: An Assessment of the International Labour Migration Situation: The Case of Female Labour Migrants. GENPROM Working Paper no. 1. Gender Promotion Programme, International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Fazio, Maria Victoria. 2007. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala. In Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ferreira, Francisco H. G., Phillippe G. Leite, and Matthew Wai-Poi. 2007. Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows and Wage Inequality in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper no. 4108. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Ferreira, Sergio G., and Fernando A. Veloso. 2004. Intergenerational Mobility of Wages in Brazil. Unpublished.

Fields, Gary S. 2000. Income Mobility: Concepts and Measures. In Nancy Birdsall and Carol Graham, eds., New Markets, New Opportunities? Economic and Social Mobility in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Brookings Institution Press.

Fields, Gary S., María Laura Sánchez Puerta, Robert Duval Hernández, and Samuel Freije. 2005. Earnings Mobility in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela: Testing the Divergence of Earnings and the Symmetry of Mobility Hypotheses. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Unpublished.

Figueroa, Adolfo. 2006. El problema del empleo en una sociedad sigma. PUCP Working Paper no. 249. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.

Figueroa, Adolfo, and Manuel Barrón. 2005. Inequality, Ethnicity and Social Disorder in Peru. CRISE Working Paper no. 8. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Filmer, Deon. 2005. Disability, Poverty and Schooling in Developing Countries: Results from 11 Household Surveys. Social Protection Discussion Paper no. 0539. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Finan, Frederico, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and Alain de Janvry. 2005. Measuring the Poverty Reduction Potential of Land in Rural Mexico. Journal of Development Economics 77(1): 27–51.

Fleisig, Heywood, Mehnaz Safavian, and Nuria de la Peña. 2006. Reforming Collateral Laws to Expand Access to Finance. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Flores Lima, Roberto. 2007. El Servicio de Intermediación Laboral como instrumento de inserción en el mercado laboral en México. Study. Fondo Enlace de Inclusión Social, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Fortin, Nicole M., and Sophie Lefebvre. 1998. Intergenerational Income Mobility in Canada. In Miles Corak, ed., Labour Markets, Social Institutions, and the Future of Canada’s Children. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Franzese, Jr., Robert J. 2002. Macroeconomic Policies in Developed Democracies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Frieden, Jeffry. 1991. Debt, Development and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965–1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Frieden, Jeffry, Piero Ghezzi, and Ernesto Stein. 2000. Politics and Exchange Rates in Latin America. Research Network Working Paper no. R-421. Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.

Fundación Mexicana para la Salud and Centro de Economía y Salud. 1998. Análisis de la magnitud y costos de la violencia en la Ciudad de México. Working Paper no. R-331. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Gacitúa Marió, Estanislao, and Michael Woolcock, eds. 2005a. Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. Brasília: IPEA and Washington, DC: World Bank.

Gacitúa Marió, Estanislao, and Michael Woolcock, with Marisa von Bulow. 2005b. Assessing Social Exclusion and Mobility in Brazil. Unpublished. Translation of Chapter 1 in Estanislao Gacitúa-Marió and Michael Woolcock, eds., Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. Brasília and Washington, DC: IPEA/World Bank.

Galasso, Emanuela. 2007. “With Their Effort and One Opportunity”: Alleviating Extreme Poverty in Chile. PowerPoint presentation given at the IDB seminar, Policy Seminar with Emanuela Galasso: Evaluation Results of Chile Solidario: With Their Effort and One Opportunity, February 20, Washington, DC. Available at http://www.iadb.org/res/pub_desc.cfm?pub_id=P-865.

Galiani, Sebastián. 2006. Notes on Social Mobility. Universidad de San Andrés, Argentina. Unpublished.

Galiani, Sebastián, Paul Gertler, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2005. Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality. Journal of Political Economy 113(1): 83–120.

Galiani, Sebastián, Martín González-Rozada, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2007. Water Expansions in Shantytowns: Health and Savings. Research Network Working Paper no. R-527. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Galiani, Sebastián, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2005. Property Rights for the Poor: Effects of Land Titling. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires. Unpublished.

Galiani, Sebastián, and Federico Sturzenegger. 2005. The Impact of Privatization on the Earnings of Restructured Workers: Evidence from the Oil Industry. Forthcoming in Journal of Labor Research.

Galindo, Arturo, Alejandro Micco, and Ugo Panizza. 2007. Two Decades of Financial Reforms. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Galindo, Arturo, and Margaret Miller. 2001. Can Credit Registries Reduce Credit Constraints? Empirical Evidence on the Role of Credit Registries in Firm Investment Decisions. Paper presented at the Inter-American Development Bank Annual Meeting seminar, Towards Competitiveness: The Institutional Path, March 16, Santiago, Chile.

Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Gandelman, Eduardo, Néstor Gandelman, and Julie Rothschild. 2007. Gender Differentials in Judicial Proceedings: Field Evidence from Housing-Related Cases in Uruguay. Working Paper. Universidad ORT Uruguay, Montevideo.

Gandelman, Néstor. 2006. Selection Biases in Sports Markets. Universidad ORT Uruguay, Montevideo. Unpublished.

______. 2007. The Impact of House Titling: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Uruguay. PowerPoint presentation given at the Inter-American Development Bank seminar, Titling in Latin America: Effects and Channels, March 30, Washington, DC.

Garay, Luis Jorge. 1998. Presentación. In Luis Jorge Garay, ed., Tomo II – La industria de América Latina ante la globalización: Argentina, Brasil, México, Venezuela: apertura y reestructuración productiva. Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Colciencias, Consejería Económica y de Competitividad, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público, and Proexport.

García-Aracil, Adela, and Carolyn Winter. 2006. Gender and Ethnicity Differentials in School Attainment and Labor Market Earnings in Ecuador. World Development 34(2) February: 289–307.

Gaviria, Alejandro. 2001. Raza y discriminación en América Latina. Un análisis preliminar basado en el Latinobarómetro. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

______. 2005. Movilidad social en América Latina: realidades, percepciones y consecuencias. Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.

______. 2006. Movilidad social y preferencias por redistribución en América Latina. Documentos CEDE no. 002678. Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico (CEDE), Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá.

Gavito Mohar, Javier. 2006. Banking the Unbanked: The Experience of Mexico’s National Savings and Financial Services Bank (BANSEFI). In Luis Tejerina, César Bouillon, and Edgardo Demaestri, eds., Financial Services and Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Gill, Indermit, Truman Packard, and Juan Yermo. 2005. Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Giugni, Marco G. 1998. Structure and Culture in Social Movement Theory. Sociological Forum 13(2): 365–75.

Global Rights. 2005. Brazil: Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2003–2004. Washington, DC: Global Rights.

Goldstein, Donna M. 2003. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Gonzaga, Gustavo, Naércio Menezes Filho, and Cristina Terra. 2006. Trade Liberalization and the Evolution of Skill Earnings Differentials in Brazil. Journal of International Economics 68(2) March: 345–67.

González, Mary Lisbeth. 2006. Más allá de los promedios: afrodescendientes en América Latina. Los afrohondureños. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

González-Eiras, Martín, and Martín A. Rossi. 2007. The Impact of Electricity Sector Privatization on Public Health. Research Network Working Paper no. R-524. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Goodin, Robert E. 1996. Inclusion and Exclusion. Archives européennes de sociologie 37(2): 343–71.

Gordon, Sara. 2004. Ventajas e implicaciones de una perspectiva de desarrollo basada en los derechos. Paper presented at conference, Derechos y Desarrollo en América Latina: Una Reunión de Trabajo, December 9–10, Santiago, Chile.

Graham, Carol. 2005a. The Economics of Happiness: Insights on Globalization from a Novel Approach. World Economics 6(3) July–September: 41–55.

______. 2005b. Insights on Development from the Economics of Happiness. World Bank Research Observer 20(2) Fall: 201–31.

Graham, Carol, and Stefano Pettinato. 2001. Happiness and Hardship: Opportunity and Insecurity in New Market Economies. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Grawe, Nathan D. 2001. Intergenerational Mobility in the US and Abroad: Quantile and Mean Regression Measures. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.

Guimarães, Roberta de Oliveira. 2006. Desigualdade salarial entre negros e brancos no Brasil: discriminação ou exclusão? Econômica [Rio de Janeiro] 8(2) December: 227–51.

Hachen, Jr., David S. 1992. Industrial Characteristics and Job Mobility Rates. American Sociological Review 57(1) February: 39–55.

Hall, Gillette, and Harry Patrinos. 2005. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America: 1994–2004. Report. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Hall, Stuart. 1990. Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In Jonathan Rutherford, ed., Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Hanson, Gordon H., and Ann Harrison. 1999. Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality in Mexico. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52(2): 271–88.

Harrison, Glenn W., and John A. List. 2004. Field Experiments. Journal of Economic Literature 42(4) December: 1009–55.

Hashemi, Syed, and Richard Rosenberg. 2006. Graduating the Poorest into Microfinance: Linking Safety Nets and Financial Services. Focus Note no. 34. Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), Washington, DC.

Haskel, Jonathan, and Stefan Szymanski. 1992. A Bargaining Theory of Privatisation. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 63(2) July: 207–27.

Haveman, Heather A., and Lisa E. Cohen. 1994. The Ecological Dynamics of Careers: The Impact of Organizational Founding, Dissolution, and Merger on Job Mobility. American Journal of Sociology 100(1) July: 104–52.

Heinemann, Alessandra, and Dorte Verner. 2006. Crime and Violence in Development: A Literature Review of Latin America and the Caribbean. Policy Research Working Paper no. 4041. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Hernández, Gustavo, Carolina Soto, Sergio Prada, and Juan Mauricio Ramírez. 2000. Exenciones tributarias: costo fiscal y análisis de incidencia. Archivos de macroeconomía no. 141. Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Bogotá.

Hernández, Roberto, and Yerina Mugica. 2003. What Works: PRODEM FFP’s Multilingual Smart ATMs for Microfinance. Case Study. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Hernández-Jaramillo, Janeth, and Iván Hernández-Umaña. 2005. Una aproximación a los costos indirectos de la discapacidad en Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública 7(2): 130–44.

Hernández-Licona, Gonzalo. 2005. Disability and the Labor Market: Data Gaps and Needs in Latin America and the Caribbean. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Hernández-Zavala, Martha, Harry Patrinos, Chris Sakellariou, and Joseph Shapiro. 2006. Quality of Schooling and Quality of Schools for Indigenous Students in Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Policy Research Working Paper no. 3982. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Holt, Charles A., and Susan K. Laury. 2002. Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects. American Economic Review 92(5) December: 1644–55.

Hooker, Juliet. 2005. Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 37(2) May: 285–310.

Hopenhayn, Martín, and Alvaro Bello. 2001. Discriminación étnico-racial y xenofobia en América Latina y el Caribe. Serie políticas sociales no. 47. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Htun, Mala. 2004. Lessons from Gender Quotas. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2005. Case Study: Latin America. Women, Political Parties and Electoral Systems in Latin America. In Julie Ballington and Azza Karam, eds., Women in Parliament:

Beyond Numbers. Revised Edition. Stockholm: International IDEA.

Hulme, David, and Paul Mosley. 1996. Finance against Poverty. Volume 1. London and New York: Routledge.

IAD (Inter-American Dialogue). 2004. Race Report: Constitutional Provisions and Legal Actions Related to Discrimination and Afro-Descendant Populations in Latin America. Washington, DC: IAD.

IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). 2006. Estatísticas do Registro Civil 2005. Volume 32. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.

IDB (Inter-American Development Bank). 1997. Latin America after a Decade of Reforms. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 1997 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 1998a. Facing Up to Inequality in Latin America. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 1998–99 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 1998b. Institucionalidad para mujer y género en América Latina y el Caribe. Regional Study. Women in Development Unit, Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

______. 2000. Development beyond Economics. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2000 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2001a. Competitiveness: The Business of Growth. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2001 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2001b. Summary of Proceedings: Towards a Shared Vision of Development: High Level Dialogue on Race, Ethnicity, and Inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean, June 18, Washington, DC, and Inter-Agency Consultation on Race and Poverty in Latin America Policy Workshops, June 19, Washington, DC.

______. 2003a. Good Jobs Wanted: Labor Markets in Latin America. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2004 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2003b. Poverty Reduction and Promotion of Social Equity. Strategy document. IDB, Washington, DC.

______. 2004. Unlocking Credit: The Quest for Deep and Stable Bank Lending. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2005 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2005. The Politics of Policies. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2006 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2006a. Annual Report of the Social Inclusion Trust Fund. IDB, Washington, DC.

______. 2006b. Living with Debt: How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 2007 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.

______. 2006c. Operational Policy on Indigenous Peoples and Strategy for Indigenous Development. Sector Strategy and Policy Papers Series no. IND-111. Sustainable Development Department, IDB, Washington, DC.

______. 2006d. Profile of Project EC-T1063: Improving Targeting of the Universal Health Insurance Program. Approved September 28, 2006. Available at http://www.iadb.org/projects/Project.cfm?project=EC-T1063&Language=English.

ILO (International Labour Organization). 2004. World Employment Report 2004–2005: Employment, Productivity and Poverty Reduction. Geneva: ILO.

INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática). 2006. Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional Continua – ENCO. Primer semestre 2006. Lima.

INSTRAW (United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women). 2005. Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women: New Challenges. Progress Report. Available at http://www.un-instraw.org/en/images/stories/Beijing/ institutionalmechanisms.pdf.

IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada). 2006. Sobre a recente queda da desigualdade de renda no Brasil. Nota técnica. In Ricardo Paes de Barros, Miguel Nathan Foguel, and Gabriel Ulyssea, eds., Desigualdade de renda no Brasil: uma análise da queda recente. Volume 1. Brasília: IPEA.

Isaac, R. Mark, and James M. Walker. 1988. Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: The Voluntary Contributions Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 103(1) February: 179–199.

Jacinto, Claudia, Cristina García, and Alejandra Solla. 2007. Programas sociales: lógicas desencontradas, abordajes acotados. Paper presented at the Inter-American Development Bank seminar, Advancing Inclusive Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, March 1, Washington, DC.

Jeter, J. 2003. Affirmative Action Debate Forces Brazil to Take Look in the Mirror. Washington Post, June 15.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica 47(2) March: 263–92.

Karl, Terry Lynn. 1990. Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America. Comparative Politics 23(1) October: 1–21.

Kaufmann, Robert R., and Barbara Stallings. 1991. The Political Economy of Latin American Populism. In Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kay, Cristóbal. 1995. Rural Development and Agrarian Issues in Contemporary Latin America. In John Weeks, ed., Structural Adjustment and the Agricultural Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan.

Ketley, Richard, Ben Davis, and Sarah Truen. 2005. An Inter-Country Survey of the Relative Costs of Bank Accounts. A Study for Finmark Trust. Genesis Analytics (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa.

Kim, Oliver, and Mark Walker. 1984. The Free Rider Problem: Experimental Evidence. Public Choice 43(1): 3–24.

Knack, Stephen, and Philip Keefer. 1997. Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4) November: 1251–88.

Kumar, Anjali. 2005. Measuring Financial Access through Users’ Surveys: Core Concepts, Questions and Indicators. Paper presented at the joint World Bank/DFID/Finmark Trust Technical Workshop, Defining Indicators of Financial Access, June 14, Washington, DC and London.

Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

La Porta, Rafael, and Florencio López-de-Silanes. 1999. The Benefits of Privatization: Evidence from Mexico. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(4): 1193–1242.

Lam, David, and Robert F. Schoeni. 1993. Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Political Economy 101(4): 710–40.

Larraín, Felipe, and Patricio Meller. 1991. The Socialist-Populist Chilean Experience: 1970–1973. In Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Latinobarometer. Various years. Latin American Public Opinion. Available at www.latinobarometro.org.

Lazear, Edward P. 1996. Performance Pay and Productivity. NBER Working Paper no. 5672. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Legovini, Arianna, César Bouillón, and Nora Lustig. 2005. Can Education Explain Changes in Income Inequality in Mexico? In François Bourguignon, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, and Nora Lustig, eds., The Microeconomics of Income Distribution Dynamics in East Asia and Latin America. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press and Washington, DC: World Bank.

Leite, Phillippe G. 2005. Race Discrimination or Inequality of Opportunities: The Brazilian Case. Discussion Paper no. 118. Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research (IAI), Goettingen, Germany.

Lémez, Rodolfo. 2005. La integración de las personas con discapacidad en la educación superior en el Uruguay. Report. Instituto Universitario CLAEH, Montevideo.

Lenoir, René. 1974. Les exclus. Paris: Seuil.

Levy, Santiago. 2006. Productividad, crecimiento y pobreza en México: ¿Qué sigue después de Progresa-Oportunidades? Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Lloyd, Marion. 2004. In Brazil, a Different Approach to Affirmative Action. Chronicle of Higher Education, October 29.

Londoño, Juan Luis, Alejandro Gaviria, and Rodrigo Guerrero, eds. 2000. Asalto al desarrollo: violencia en América Latina. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Lora, Eduardo. 2001. Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure It. Research Department Working Paper no. 466. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

______. 2006. El futuro de los pactos fiscales en América Latina. Paper presented at the Fundación CIDOB seminar, Políticas Económicas para un Nuevo Pacto Social en América Latina, October 6–7, Barcelona, Spain.

Lora, Eduardo, ed. 2007. The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Machinea, José Luis, Alicia Bárcena, and Arturo León, coordinators. 2005. Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: una mirada desde América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: ECLAC/United Nations.

Machinea, José Luis, and Cecilia Vera. 2006. Trade, Direct Investment and Production Policies. Serie informes y estudios especiales no. 16. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Maloney, William F. 1999. Does Informality Imply Segmentation in Urban Labor Markets? Evidence from Sectoral Transitions in Mexico. World Bank Economic Review 13(2) May: 275–302.

Marconi, Nelson. 2004. Gap between Public and Private Wages and Wages Determination in the Public Sector. Revista de Economia Política 24(2) April–June: 257–79.

Marini, Alessandra, and Michele Gragnolati. 2003. Malnutrition and Poverty in Guatemala. Policy Research Working Paper no. 2967. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Márquez, Gustavo, and M. F. Prada. 2007. Bad Jobs, Low Productivity, and Exclusion. Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Márquez, Patricia C. 1999. The Street Is My Home: Youth and Violence in Caracas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Marshall, Jeffery H., and Valentina Calderón. 2006. Social Exclusion in Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Technical Papers Series. Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Marwell, Gerald, and Ruth E. Ames. 1979. Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-Rider Problem. American Journal of Sociology 84(6) May: 1335–60.

Marx, Ive, and Wiemer Salverda, eds. 2005. Low-Wage Employment in Europe: Perspectives for Improvement. Leuven, Belgium: ACCO.

Massiah, Ernest. 2004. Disability and Inclusion: Data Collection, Education, Transportation and Urban Development. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Mauro Machuca, Raúl. 2006. Partidos políticos y financiamiento político. Economía y Bienestar 6(10): 9–13.

Mayer-Foulkes, David. 2004. The Human Development Trap in Mexico. División de Economía, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico City. Unpublished.

Mazza, Jacqueline. 2004. Social Inclusion, Labor Markets and Human Capital in Latin America. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

______. 1994. Culture and Social Movements. In Enrique Laraña, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, eds., New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McEwan, Patrick J. 2004. La brecha de puntajes obtenidos en las pruebas por los niños indígenas en Sudamérica. In Donald R. Winkler and Santiago Cueto, eds., Etnicidad, raza, género y educación en América Latina. Washington and Santiago: PREAL.

McKenzie, David, and Dilip Mookherjee. 2003. The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries. Economia [Journal of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association] 3(2) Spring.

Melo, Alberto. 2001. Industrial Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean at the Turn of the Century. Research Department Working Paper no. 459. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Melo, Alberto, and Andrés Rodríguez-Clare. 2007. Productive Development Policies and Supporting Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, and Gustavo Márquez. 2007. Reform of Pension and Social Assistance Systems. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Meyer, David S. 2003. Social Movements and Public Policy: Eggs, Chicken, and Theory. CSD Working Paper no. 03-02. Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine. Available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/03-02.

Meyer, David S., and Nancy Whittier. 1997. Social Movement Spillover. In Doug McAdam and David A. Snow, eds., Social Movements: Readings on Their Emergence, Mobilization, and Dynamics. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.

Mezza, Víctor. 2004. Bolivia: características sociodemográficas de la población con discapacidad. Paper presented at the ECLAC/IDB Segunda Reunión sobre Estadísticas de Discapacidad en el Cono Sur, October 28–29, Santiago.

Microfinance Information Exchange. Profile for PRODEM Outreach Indicators for December 2006. Available at http://www.mixmarket.org/en/demand/demand.show.profile.asp?ett=149.

Mincer, Jacob. 1974. Schooling, Experience and Earnings. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Information and Learning.

Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and John Schmitt. 2001. The State of Working America 2000–2001. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Mitnik, Pablo A., Matthew Zeidenberg, and Laura Dresser. 2002. Can Career Ladders

Really Be a Way Out of Dead-End Jobs? A Look at Job Structure and Upward Mobility in the Service Industries. Paper presented at the APPAM fall research conference, Asking “What If?”—Assessing the Public Policy and Management Implications of Social Science Research, November 7–9, Dallas, TX.

Montaño, Sonia. 2004. Los caminos hacia la igualdad: logros y desafíos. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Unpublished.

Montes, Andrés, and Ernest Massiah. 2002. Disability Data: Survey and Methods Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Moreno, Martin, Hugo Ñopo, Jaime Saavedra, and Máximo Torero. 2004. Gender and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: A Pseudo Audit Study for Three Selected Occupations in Metropolitan Lima. IZA Discussion Paper no. 979. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.

Morris, Aldon D., and Carol McClurg Mueller, eds. 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Morris, Felipe, Mark Dorfman, José Pedro Ortiz, and María Claudia Franco. 1990. Latin America’s Banking Systems in the 1980s: A Cross-Country Comparison. World Bank Discussion Paper no. 81. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Morrison, Andrew, Mayra Buvinic´ , and Michael Shifter. 2003. The Violent Americas: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Policy Implications of Social and Domestic Violence. In Joseph S. Tulchin, H. Hugo Frühling, and Heather Golding, eds., Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Morrison, Judith. 2006. The Changing Shape of Race and Race Relations in Latin America. In Claire Nelson and Stacy Richards-Kennedy, eds., Advancing Equity in Latin America: Putting Policy into Practice. Washington, DC: IDB.

Moser, Caroline, and Cathy McIlwaine. 2000. Urban Poor Perceptions of Violence and Exclusion in Colombia. Washington, DC: World Bank.

______. 2001. Violence in a Post-Conflict Context: Urban Poor Perceptions from Guatemala. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Moser, Caroline, Ailsa Winton, and Annalise Moser. 2003. Violence, Fear and Insecurity and the Urban Poor in Latin America. Paper for the World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Region Study of Urban Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

______. 2005. Violence, Fear, and Insecurity among the Urban Poor in Latin America. In Marianne Fay, ed., The Urban Poor in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Mueller, Dennis C. 2003. Interest Groups, Redistribution and the Size of Government. In Stanley L. Winer and Hirofumi Shibata, eds., Political Economy and Public Finance. Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA: Elgar.

National Opinion Research Center. Various years. General Social Survey. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Available at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR/SERIES/00028.xml.

Neumark, David. 1996. Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(3) August: 915–41.

Ñopo, Hugo. 2004. Matching as a Tool to Decompose Wage Gaps. IZA Discussion Paper no. 981. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.

______. 2006. The Gender Wage Gap in Chile 1992–2003 from a Matching Comparisons Perspective. Research Department Working Paper no. 562. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Ñopo, Hugo, Jaime Saavedra, and Máximo Torero. 2004. Ethnicity and Earnings in Urban Peru. IZA Discussion Paper no. 980. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.

Núñez, Javier, and Roberto Gutiérrez. 2004. Classism, Discrimination and Meritocracy in the Labor Market: The Case of Chile. Working Paper no. 208. Departamento de Economía, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.

Núñez, Javier, and Leslie Miranda. 2007. Recent Findings on Intergenerational Income and Educational Mobility in Chile. Working Paper no. 244. Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Available at http://econ.uchile.cl/public/Archivos/pub/75504e79-7bfc-4da9-9843-b4c3b8476f30.pdf.

Núñez, Javier, and Andrea Tartakowsky. 2006. Inequality of Outcomes vs. Inequality of Opportunities in Chile. Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Unpublished.

Ocampo, José Antonio. 2004. Economic Development and Social Inclusion. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Oliver, Donald H. 2006. Integrating Visible Minority Groups in Canada. In Claire Nelson and Stacy Richards-Kennedy, eds., Advancing Equity in Latin America: Putting Policy into Practice. Washington, DC: IDB.

Olson, Jr., Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ordóñez, D., and P. Bracamonte. 2005. El registro de nacimientos: consecuencias en relación al acceso a derechos y servicios sociales y a la implementación de programas de reducción de pobreza en 5 países de Latinoamérica. Report to Technical Cooperation RG-T1082. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Österberg, Torun. 2000. Intergenerational Income Mobility in Sweden: What Do Tax-Data Show? Review of Income and Wealth 46(4) December: 421–36.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action. American Political Science Review 92(1) March: 1–22.

Pacari Vega, Nina. 2004. Social Inclusion and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic

Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Padilha, José, director. 2002. Bus 174. New York: THINKFILM, in association with HBO/CINEMAX Documentary Films.

Pagés, Carmen, Gaëlle Pierre, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2007. Job Creation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and the Policy Challenges. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Pagés, Carmen, and M. F. Prada. 2007. What Drives the Increase of Low-Wage Employment in Latin America? Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Palfrey, Thomas R., and Jeffrey E. Prisbrey. 1997. Anomalous Behavior in Public Goods Experiments: How Much and Why? American Economic Review 87(5) December: 829–46.

Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination, National Research Council. 2004. Defining Discrimination. In Rebecca Blank, Marilyn Dabady, and Constance Citro, eds., Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Panizza, Ugo G. 1999. Why Do Lazy People Make More Money? The Strange Case of the Public Sector Wage Premium. Research Department Working Paper no. 403. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Parker, Susan W., Luis Rubalcava, and Graciela Teruel. 2005. Schooling Inequality and Language Barriers. Economic Development and Cultural Change 54(1): 71–94.

Patrinos, Harry. 2000. The Cost of Discrimination in Latin America. Studies in Comparative International Development 35(2): 3–17.

Patrinos, Harry, and Vicente García-Moreno. 2006. Salary Gaps between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Workers in Mexico: Policy Implications. Paper presented at IBERGOP/UDLA/CIDE seminar, Políticas Públicas para Crecimiento y Desarrollo, August 28–29, Mexico City.

Patrinos, Harry, and George Psacharopoulos. 1992. Socioeconomic and Ethnic Determinants of Grade Repetition in Bolivia and Guatemala. Policy Research Working Paper no. 1028. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Patrinos, Harry, and Emmanuel Skoufias. 2007. Conference Edition: Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Payne, J. Mark, and Juan Cruz Perusia. 2007. Reforming the Rules of the Game: Political Reform. In Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, and Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Payne, J. Mark, Daniel Zovatto G., and Mercedes Mateo Díaz. 2007. Democracies in Development: Politics and Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Peeler, John A. 2003. Social Justice and the New Indigenous Politics: An Analysis of Guatemala, the Central Andes, and Chiapas. In Susan Eva Eckstein and Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, eds., What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Peixoto, Betânia Totino, Sueli Moro, and Mônica Viegas Andrade. 2004. Criminalidade na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte: uma análise espacial. Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional (Cedeplar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Available at http://www.cedeplar.ufmg.br/diamantina2004/textos/D04A016.PDF.

Pellegrino, Adela. 2002. Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on Argentina and Uruguay. International Migration Papers no. 58. International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Peredo, Elizabeth. 2004. Una aproximación a la problemática de género y etnicidad en América Latina. Serie mujer y desarrollo no. 53. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Peres, Wilson. 2005. El (lento) retorno de las políticas industriales en América Latina y el Caribe. Serie desarrollo productivo no. 166. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Pessino, Carola, and Ricardo Fenochietto. 2004. Efficiency and Equity of the Tax Structure in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Analysis and Policy Considerations. Universidad de Buenos Aires and Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires. Unpublished.

Peters, H. Elizabeth. 1992. Patterns of Intergenerational Mobility in Income and Earnings. Review of Economics and Statistics 74(3) August: 456–66.

Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin Group.

Ponce, Juan. 2006. Más allá de los promedios: afrodescendientes en América Latina. Los afroecuatorianos. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Porter, Gordon L. 2001. Disability and Education: Toward an Inclusive Approach. SDS Working Paper. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Provoste Campillay, Yasna. 2004. Chile Solidario. Sistema de protección social a las familias más pobres del país. PowerPoint presentation given at the IDB conference, Third Meeting of the Social Policy Monitoring Network, November 22–23, Buenos Aires. Available at http://www.iadb.org/res/seminar_specific.cfm?ev_id=30&sm_id=96.

Putnam, Lara. 2002. La población afrocostarricense según los datos del censo de 2000. Paper presented at symposium, Costa Rica a la Luz del Censo del 2000, August 5–6, San José.

Putnam, Robert D., with Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rabin, Matthew. 1993. Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics. American Economic Review 83(5) December: 1281–1302.

Ramos, Joseph. 1996. Política industrial y competitividad en economías abiertas. Serie desarrollo productivo no. 34. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Ramos, Silvia. 2006. Youth and the Police. Boletim Segurança e Cidadania [Center for Studies on Public Security and Citizenship] 5(12) October: 1–16. Available at http://www.ucamcesec.com.br/arquivos/publicacoes/boletim12web_eng.pdf.

Reiss, Jr., Albert J., and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds. 1993. Understanding and Preventing Violence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

RENIEC (Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil). 2005. Plan nacional de restitución de la identidad: documentando a las personas indocumentadas 2005–2009. Lima: RENIEC.

Revenga, Ana. 1997. Employment and Wage Effects of Trade Liberalization: The Case of Mexican Manufacturing. Journal of Labor Economics 15(3, part 2) July: S20–43.

Riach, Peter A., and Judith Rich. 2002. Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place. Economic Journal 112(483): 480–518.

Riaño-Alcalá, Pilar. 2006. Dwellers of Memory: Youth and Violence in Medellín, Colombia. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Ribando, Clare. 2005. Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

Richards-Kennedy, Stacy. 2006. South Africa’s Post-Apartheid Strategy for Black Economic Empowerment. In Claire Nelson and Stacy Richards-Kennedy, eds., Advancing Equity in Latin America: Putting Policy into Practice. Washington, DC: IDB.

Robles, Arodys. 1999. ¿Transiciones paralelas o divergentes? Las poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en América Latina. In Kenneth Hill, José Morelos, and Rebeca Wong, coordinators, Las consecuencias de las transiciones demográfica y epidemiológica en América Latina. Baltimore and Mexico City: Johns Hopkins University Press and El Colegio de México.

Roemer, John E. 2004. Equal Opportunity and Intergenerational Mobility: Going beyond Intergenerational Income Transition Matrices. In Miles Corak, ed., Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Roland, Edna. 2001. The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil. Paper presented at the International Council on Human Rights Policy Seminar on the Economics of Racism, November 24–25, Geneva.

Ross, Jen. 2007. Chile Kick-Starts Debate on Gender Quotas. Women’s e-News, February 16. Available at http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/3069.

Rossi, J. 2003. Mecanismos internacionales de protección de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. In Víctor Abramovich, María José Añón, and Christian Courtis, eds., Derechos sociales: instrucciones de uso. Mexico City: Doctrina Jurídica Contemporánea.

Rotker, Susana, ed. 2002. Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Rubalcava, Luis N., and Graciela M. Teruel. 2004. The Role of Maternal Cognitive Ability on Child Health. Research Network Working Paper no. R-497. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Saba, Roberto. 2004. (Des)igualdad estructural. In Jorge Amaya, ed., Visiones de la Constitución 1853–2004. Buenos Aires: UCES.

Sadoulet, Loïc. 2006. Savings and Deposit Services for the Poor. In Luis Tejerina, César Bouillón, and Edgardo Demaestri, eds., Financial Services and Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Salverda, Wiemer, Brian Nolan, Bertrand Maître, and Peter Mühlau. 2001. Benchmarking Low-Wage and High-Wage Employment in Europe and the United States: A Study of New European Datasets and National Data for France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. European Low-Wage Employment Research Network (LoWER), Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

Sanahuja, José Antonio. 2007. La cohesión social en el marco del diálogo político UE-América Latina: visiones y perspectivas desde Europa. Paper presented at the seminar, Exclusión y Fragmentación Social en América Latina—Una Visión desde Europa, Madrid.

Sánchez, Enrique, and Paola García. 2006. Más allá de los promedios: afrodescendientes en América Latina. Los afrocolombianos. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Sánchez, Jeannette. 2006. Inequality, Ethnicity and Social Disorder: The Ecuadorian Case. Paper presented at the Third World Bank Conference on Inequality, June 5–6, Washington, DC.

Sánchez, John. 2005. Afroecuatorianos: invisibilidad, racismo, exclusión y pobreza. Paper presented at the international seminar, Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe, April 27–29, Santiago.

Sánchez, Margarita. 2004. Afro-Latin American Community Development in Honduras and Guatemala. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Sánchez, Margarita, and Maurice Bryan. 2003. Afro-descendants, Discrimination and Economic Exclusion in Latin America. London: Minority Rights Group International.

Sánchez-Páramo, Carolina, and Norbert Schady. 2003. Off and Running? Technology, Trade, and the Rising Demand for Skilled Workers in Latin America. Policy Research Working Paper no. 3015. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Schochet, Peter, and Anu Rangarajan. 2004. Characteristics of Low-Wage Workers and Their Labor Market Experiences: Evidence from the Mid- to Late 1990s. Final report prepared for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/low-wage-workers04/.

Scott, Alan. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Hyman.

Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social. 2004. Survey of Perceptions of Racism and Discrimination in Ecuador.

SEDESOL [Secretaría de Desarrollo Social]. 2005. First National Survey on Discrimination in Mexico. Mexico City. Available at http://sedesol2006.sedesol.gob.mx/subsecretarias/
prospectiva/subse_discriminacion.htm.

Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf.

Silva Lira, Iván. 2000. Costo económico de los delitos, niveles de vigilancia y políticas de seguridad ciudadana en las comunas del Gran Santiago. Serie gestión pública no. 2. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago.

Smith, Peter H. 2005. Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Solano, Elizabeth. 2002. La población indígena en Costa Rica según el censo 2000. Paper presented at symposium, Costa Rica a la Luz del Censo del 2000, August 5–6, San José.

Soruco, Ximena, Giorgina Piani, and Máximo Rossi. 2007. What Emigration Leaves Behind: The Situation of Emigrants and Their Families in Ecuador. Fundación Sur, Cuenca, Ecuador, and Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo. Unpublished.

Stefoni, Carolina. 2002. Mujeres inmigrantes peruanas en Chile. Papeles de Población [Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México] 33 (July–September): 118–45.

SUIVD (Sistema Unificado de Información de Violencia y Delincuencia). 2006. Estadísticas: caracterización del homicidio en Bogotá. Available at http://www.suivd.gov.co/estadisticas/sitio_estadisticas/1estad.htm.

Svampa, Maristella, and Sebastián Pereyra. 2003. Entre la ruta y el barrio. La experiencia de las organizaciones piqueteras. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.

Székely, Miguel, and Marianne Hilgert. 1999. The 1990s in Latin America: Another Decade of Persistent Inequality. Working Paper no. 410. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Taber, Lisa, with Carlos Cuevas. 2004. Integrating the Poor into the Mainstream Financial System: The BANSEFI and SAGARPA Programs in Mexico. In Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and World Bank, Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: Case Studies in Microfinance. Washington, DC: CGAP/World Bank.

Tansel, Aysit. 1999. Workers Displaced Due to Privatization in Turkey: Before versus after Displacement. METU Studies in Development 25(4): 625–47.

Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tejerina, Luis, and Glenn Westley. 2007. Financial Services for the Poor: Household Survey Sources and Gaps in Borrowing and Saving. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Telles, Edward, and Nelson Lim. 1998. Does It Matter Who Answers the Race Question? Racial Classification and Income Inequality in Brazil. Demography 35(4): 465–74.

Tenjo Galarza, Jaime, Rocio Ribero Medina, and Luisa Fernanda Bernat Díaz. 2004. Evolution of Salary Differences between Men and Women in Six Latin American Countries. In Claudia Piras, ed., Women at Work: Challenges for Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Thomas, Sue, and Susan Welch. 2001. The Impact of Women in State Legislatures: Numerical and Organizational Strength. In Susan J. Carroll, ed., The Impact of Women in Public Office. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Thorp, Rosemary. 1998. Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

______. 2007. The Historical Roots of Social Exclusion in Latin America. Paper presented at workshop, Exclusión y Fragmentación Social en América Latina: Una Visión desde Europa, February 23, Madrid.

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

______. 2004. Social Movements, 1768–2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

Torero, Máximo, Eduardo Nakasone, and Lorena Alcázar. 2006. Provision of Public Services and Welfare of the Poor: Learning from an Incomplete Electricity Privatization Experience in Rural Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Torero, Máximo, Jaime Saavedra, Hugo Ñopo, and Javier Escobal. 2004. An Invisible Wall? The Economics of Social Exclusion in Peru. In Mayra Buvinic´ and Jacqueline Mazza, with Ruthanne Deutsch, eds., Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.

Townsend, Peter. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Tsakloglou, Panos, and Fotis Papadopoulos. 2001. Identifying Population Groups at High Risk of Social Exclusion: Evidence from the ECHP. IZA Discussion Paper no. 392. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2005. The ‘Rights’ Start to Life: A Statistical Analysis of Birth Registration. New York: UNICEF.

Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. 2006. Más allá de los promedios: afrodescendientes en América Latina. Resultados de la prueba piloto de captación en la Argentina. World Bank, Washington, DC. Unpublished.

Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2005. From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Vega, Gabriela. 2006. Comments at the Inter-American Development Bank seminar, Right from the Start: Registration, Identity and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, February 2, Washington, DC.

Verdisco, A., V. Calderón, and J. H. Marshall. 2004. Social Exclusion in Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.

Wendel Abramo, Helena. 2004. Políticas de juventud en Brasil: nuevos tiempos, nuevas miradas. In Elisabet Gerber and Sergio Balardini, eds., Políticas de juventud en Latinoamérica: Argentina en perspectiva. Buenos Aires: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) and Fundación Friedrich Ebert.

Wiesner, Eduardo. 2003. Fiscal Federalism in Latin America: From Entitlements to Markets. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Wodon, Quentin. 2001. Income Mobility and Risk during the Business Cycle: Comparing Adjustments in Labour Markets in Two Latin-American Countries. Economics of Transition 9(2) July: 449–61.

Wolff, Jonas. 2007. (De-)Mobilising the Marginalised: A Comparison of the Argentine Piqueteros and Ecuador’s Indigenous Movement. Journal of Latin American Studies 39(1) February: 1–29.

Woolcock, Michael. 2005. Calling on Friends and Relatives: Social Capital. In Marianne Fay, ed., The Urban Poor in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2005. The Gap Matters: Poverty and Well-Being of Afro-Colombians and Indigenous Peoples. Report. World Bank, Washington, DC.

______. Various years. World Development Indicators Online. Available at http://dev

data.worldbank.org/dataonline/.

World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization. 2004. A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Yashar, Deborah J. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.

______. 2006. Indigenous Politics in the Andes: Changing Patterns of Recognition, Reform, and Representation. In Scott Mainwaring, Ana María Bejarano, and Eduardo Pizarro Leongómez, eds., The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Yinger, John. 1986. Measuring Racial Discrimination with Fair Housing Audits: Caught in the Act. American Economic Review 76(5) December: 881–93.