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Savings and housing corporations (CAVs), 219
Savings and loan institutions, 72box,
114
Secured transaction principles, 173box
Securitization risk, 228,
232, 234
Security interests, 164
Self-built housing, 210-211,
221
Separate entity resolution, 238
Separating equilibrium, 195
Single entity resolution, 238
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs):
 ages
of, 188-189
bank
concentration’s impact on lending to, 195-196
bankruptcy
costs, 193-194
credit
for, 170
credit
rationing, 194-195
creditor
rights and borrowing by, 196-197
data
on access to credit for, 187
as
employers, 187
expertise
in assessing credit risk in, 195,
200-201
financing
constraints as problem for, 188
fixed
lending costs for loans to, 191
foreign
banks’ impact on lending to, 195
imperfect
enforcement, 192-193
information
asymmetry between banks and, 136,
176, 198
invoice
discounting, 198, 199box
in
Latin America and Caribbean, 189-190
loan
guarantee schemes, 198-200,
201box
opacity
of information on, 136,
176, 198
severity
of financing constraints for, 188,
189tab
subsidies
for cost of loans to, 192,
194, 200
Social capital, 169box
Social value, 142-143
Social view of state-owned banking, 141,
145, 156-157
South Asia, 145, 150,
189
Standardized approach in Basel II, 227-229,
230tab
Standardized simplified approach in Basel II, 228,
229tab
State-owned banks:
as
cause of banking crises, 33
characterizing
success in, 154-155
credit
access and, 22-23
development
banks, 143-144, 146box,
150-153
economic
development role of, 143,
153-154
effect
on financial development of, 158-159
effect
on output growth of, 159-160
expectations
for, 145
foreign
banks vs., 150tab
independence
from political influence, 156
in
Latin America, 145, 147-150
loans
in isolated areas, 143
loans
to public sector, 151tab
management
of, 156
mortgage
banks, 213-215
nature
of intervention by, 143-145
nonperforming
loans, 139
percentage
of total bank assets controlled by, 148tab
performance
indicators, 148-149, 150tab
perspectives
on, 141
privatization
of, 132box, 141,
147, 149box
public
trust of, 144
rationale
for, 142-143, 154
social/political
functions of, 141, 145,
156-157
types
of, 146box, 147box
Subordinated debt, 108, 114
Subsidiaries, 130box,
237-238
Subsidies:
characteristics
of programs, 217tab
explicit
and focused, 220-221
for
housing finance, 215-216
for
loans to SMEs, 192, 194,
200
Sudden stop (1998), 13,
14fig, 33,
39-43, 40fig,
45-47
Supervisory discipline, 20,
107-108, 112.
See also Regulation and supervision of banks
Supervisory review, 227
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